#Kartina tv news tv#

In 1979 Soviet engineers developed the Moskva (or Moscow) system of broadcasting and delivering of TV signals via satellites.

#Kartina tv news series#

Later, Ekran satellites were replaced by more advanced Ekran-M series satellites. The typical receiving station, also called Ekran, included a home-use analog satellite receiver equipped with a simple Yagi-Uda antenna. It included geostationary satellites called Ekran equipped with powerful 300-watt UHF transponders, a broadcasting uplink station and various simple receiving stations located in various towns and villages of Siberia. However, a large part of the Soviet central regions were still not covered by transponders of Molniya satellites.Д«y 1976 Soviet engineers developed a relatively simple and inexpensive system of satellite television (especially for Central and Northern Siberia). Each station had a 12-meter receiving parabolic antenna and transmitters for re-broadcasting TV signals to local householders. The system consisted of 3 highly elliptical Molniya satellites, with Moscow-based ground uplink facilities and about 20 downlink stations, located in cities and towns of remote regions of Siberia and the Far East. By November, 1967 the national system of satellite television, called Orbita was deployed. The first Soviet communication satellite, called Molniya, was launched in 1965. The Law on Mass Media allows private broadcasting and limits the rights of foreign individuals to found mass media in Russia. The law regulates relations between mass media and citizens and/or organisations, determines the rights and obligations of journalists and establishes responsibility for violations of mass media-related laws. It also contains provisions regulating the founding, ownership and use of mass media, and dissemination of information. The law reinforces the freedom of information and the unacceptability of censorship. The fundamental piece of media-specific federal legislation is the Law on Mass Media, which was passed on Decemand took effect on February 13, 1992. According to the Constitution, only the law can limit freedom of speech and establish limits for its expression. This right can be limited only by law and only 'in the interests of protecting the Constitution, morality, health, rights and lawful interests of other persons, or for the defence of the country and national security'.

Article 29 'On the Rights and Freedoms of the Person and Citizen' establishes the universal right to freedom of thought and opinion, freedom of expression of beliefs and convictions, and freedom to seek, receive, transmit, produce and disseminate information. The Russian Constitution was adopted by national referendum on December 12, 1993. New domestic digital transmitters have been developed and installed in Nizhniy Novgorod and Saint Petersburg in 2001вЂ“2002. Development of domestic digital TV transmitters, led within 'Multichannel' research program, had already been finished. Today there are about 15,000 transmitters in the country. In 1991, the Soviet era Gosteleradio state system included six national television channels, 52 stations in the former Soviet republics and 78 regional stations in the Russian Federation. Chairman of the Radio and Television was Alexander Aksenov. Updating the television in the Soviet Union, the release of its censorship by the Central Committee, began with the proclamation at the XXVII Congress of the new General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev's new political course of the party in relation to the country. Moscow, the base from which most of the television stations broadcast, transmitted some 90 percent of the country's programs, with the help of more than 350 stations and nearly 1,400 relay facilities. In 1988 approximately 75 million households owned television sets, and an estimated 93 percent of the population watched television. In the 1970s and 1980s, television become the preeminent mass medium. Each republic, area or region had its own television station.

This initial expansion of activity encompassed mostly the city of Moscow, but to a lesser extent also Leningrad, the Urals, Siberia and the Ukrainian SSR.

In 1956 a second national television channel was established. During these early years, most television programs were about life in the Soviet Union, cultural activities and sports. See also: History of the Soviet televisionД«etween 19 all television broadcasts in the nation were interrupted because of Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union.